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Date:         Sun, 1 Aug 1999 16:10:39 GMT
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From:         Marianne Reddin Aldrich <marseillaise@HOTMAIL.COM>
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just haven't gotten anything from the list in a few days.
wanted to make sure i'm still subscribed.

marianne


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Date:         Mon, 2 Aug 1999 12:38:10 +1200
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From:         Jenny Rankine <jrankine@HRC.GOVT.NZ>
Subject:      Wild Seed
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Hi all,

Since it's August 2 where I am (Aotearoa New Zealand, first to see the
sunrise and the new millenium, yadayada), I decided to leap in.

I enjoy Octavia Butler's earlier work more than her later writing, and I ate
this book in a single sitting which had me up till 4am a few nights ago.  I
also followed it with Patternmaster.

I really enjoy the way she tackles the situation of a woman with less power
in confrontation with a man with the power of life and death over her (I
know I've said this before).  She has written several portrayals of strong
women seeking to be autonomous and independent in situations where they were
constrained, both by the structures around them and a particular male.

The only way at the beginning of WS in which the female protagonist can
influence Doro is to make him care for her.   This is always a dicey
strategy, but sometimes the only option.  The heroine has to sexually
service a man who has threatened her or has power over her life - I call
this rape because it is coerced, since it is her only option.  I see these
scenarios in Butler's books as metaphors for women's position in
heterosexual relationships, and for all women's position at some point in
non-sexual situations with more powerful men.  The way I see it, Doro rapes
the heroine many times - in only a few periods in the book does she actively
want him for a lover in an uncoerced way.

Later in the book she runs away, surviving for another century, and
influences Doro by being the only person who he values who does not die.
This is when she is able to negotiate her strongest agreement with him.

I don't think Butler ever falls into the trap of portraying women as
innately more peaceful or less warlike.  I found all her characters
well-drawn.  One test for this is whether I imagine them reacting to
different situations and developments from the book's story after I've
finished reading it.

Enough for a first comment.  Have to go and do some work.

Jenny R
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Date:         Mon, 2 Aug 1999 10:20:54 -0700
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From:         Lindy <laorka@MEER.NET>
Subject:      Re: Wild Seed
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Jenny Rankine wrote:

> I enjoy Octavia Butler's earlier work more than her later writing,

Just curious. . .which later novels did you enjoy less?

> I really enjoy the way she tackles the situation of a woman with less power
> in confrontation with a man with the power of life and death over her.

snip.  This is one of the many aspects I like about Butler's novels and short
stories.  She is highly imaginative, a great storyteller, and explores the
inequity of power in relationships of all kinds.

snip.

> I see these
> scenarios in Butler's books as metaphors for women's position in
> heterosexual relationships, and for all women's position at some point in
> non-sexual situations with more powerful men.
>
That seems to be so.  I also see these scenarios as depicting the relationships
between those enslaved and those who "own" or otherwise have power over them.
Doro has control over "his" people.  They must have children as he desires, and
it is often from this group that he chooses those he consumes and inhabits
their bodies.  He may leave them alone for years, but they know him when he
returns.

> The only way at the beginning of WS in which the female protagonist can
> influence Doro is to make him care for her.   This is always a dicey
> strategy, but sometimes the only option.

Horrible, isn't it?  Butler's characters are survivors.  I've forgotten the
name of this character, despite her importance is most of the series.

> Later in the book she runs away, surviving for another century, and
> influences Doro by being the only person who he values who does not die.
> This is when she is able to negotiate her strongest agreement with him.

If you've read Walker's _The Color Purple_, where near the end, the aging
Mister__  and Celie sit together on the porch congenially. . . Butler's
situation reminds me of this.  Two enemies or combatants, one having
disempowered or enslaved the other, finding some comfort together because of
shared experience.  Friendly enemies, or some such definition.  It's very
complex.

I keep wanting to call the female protagonist "Edna." . . . anyway, she and
Doro are unique in that each is the only person from one another's past, shared
experiences, and shared memories.  She is less lonely than Doro, though,
because she has a personal connection to her family.

Doro seems to me to be a perpetual adolescent in many ways.  For the most part,
I disliked him intensely.  At times, I felt somewhat sorry for him.  The
experience of becoming immortal during childhood, and having consumed both
parents before he realized what he was doing, then living forever like a
vampire of souls, and then coming upon people with abilities he valued. .
.I can imagine no other way for him to be.

That's part of the genius of Butler's plots and characterization, I think.

_Wild Seed_ is a great read.  It deals with complex and intense and often
horrendous situations which hurt as I read, but it is one I'd read again
(unlike _Mission Child_).  I'm not certain why I can read and enjoy Butler's
work despite the uncomfortable, ambiguous situations of the characters.
Personal quirk, perhaps.

Take care all,

Lindy

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<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
<html>
Jenny Rankine wrote:
<blockquote TYPE=CITE>I enjoy Octavia Butler's earlier work more than her
later writing,</blockquote>
Just curious. . .which later novels did you enjoy less?
<blockquote TYPE=CITE>I really enjoy the way she tackles the situation
of a woman with less power
<br>in confrontation with a man with the power of life and death over her.</blockquote>
snip.&nbsp; This is one of the many aspects I like about Butler's novels
and short stories.&nbsp; She is highly imaginative, a great storyteller,
and explores the inequity of power in relationships of all kinds.
<p>snip.
<blockquote TYPE=CITE>
<pre>I see these
scenarios in Butler's books as metaphors for women's position in
heterosexual relationships, and for all women's position at some point in
non-sexual situations with more powerful men.</pre>
</blockquote>
That seems to be so.&nbsp; I also see these scenarios as depicting the
relationships between those enslaved and those who "own" or otherwise have
power over them.&nbsp; Doro has control over "his" people.&nbsp; They must
have children as he desires, and it is often from this group that he chooses
those he consumes and inhabits their bodies.&nbsp; He may leave them alone
for years, but they know him when he returns.
<blockquote TYPE=CITE>The only way at the beginning of WS in which the
female protagonist can
<br>influence Doro is to make him care for her.&nbsp;&nbsp; This is always
a dicey
<br>strategy, but sometimes the only option.</blockquote>
Horrible, isn't it?&nbsp; Butler's characters are survivors.&nbsp; I've
forgotten the name of this character, despite her importance is most of
the series.
<blockquote TYPE=CITE>Later in the book she runs away, surviving for another
century, and
<br>influences Doro by being the only person who he values who does not
die.
<br>This is when she is able to negotiate her strongest agreement with
him.</blockquote>
If you've read Walker's _The Color Purple_, where near the end, the aging
Mister__&nbsp; and Celie sit together on the porch congenially. . . Butler's
situation reminds me of this.&nbsp; Two enemies or combatants, one having
disempowered or enslaved the other, finding some comfort together because
of shared experience.&nbsp; Friendly enemies, or some such definition.&nbsp;
It's very complex.
<p>I keep wanting to call the female protagonist "Edna." . . . anyway,
she and Doro are unique in that each is the only person from one another's
past, shared experiences, and shared memories.&nbsp; She is less lonely
than Doro, though, because she has a personal connection to her family.
<p>Doro seems to me to be a perpetual adolescent in many ways.&nbsp; For
the most part, I disliked him intensely.&nbsp; At times, I felt somewhat
sorry for him.&nbsp; The experience of becoming immortal during childhood,
and having consumed both parents before he realized what he was doing,
then living forever like a vampire of souls, and then coming upon people
with abilities he valued. . .I&nbsp;can imagine no other way for him to
be.
<p>That's part of the genius of Butler's plots and characterization, I
think.
<p>_Wild Seed_ is a great read.&nbsp; It deals with complex and intense
and often horrendous situations which hurt as I read, but it is one I'd
read again (unlike _Mission Child_).&nbsp; I'm not certain why I&nbsp;can
read and enjoy Butler's work despite the uncomfortable, ambiguous situations
of the characters.&nbsp; Personal quirk, perhaps.
<p>Take care all,
<p>Lindy</html>

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Date:         Wed, 4 Aug 1999 14:22:46 0100
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From:         Petra Mayerhofer <mayerhof@USF.UNI-KASSEL.DE>
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Summer time. Everybody (?) is on the beach, not sitting in
front of the PC writing emails ...

This was the fifth book by Butler I've read (after the
Xenogenesis trilogy and _Kindred_) and it's the one I'm
most uncomfortable with. It's a good book, but I did not quite
enjoy it. At the moment I am not motivated to read the other
Patternmaster books.

I was surprisingly disturbed by the second part of the book,
which made me wonder. Of course, it is the hardest time
for Anyanwu, she is a slave, degraded and raped (I agree
that's the only correct term for it) by Doro directly and
indirectly. But, that's not the first book I've read in which
rape and violence occurs. I wonder why I react more
strongly to it in this instance than e.g. to when Lore
prostitutes herself in _Slow River_. It might be because it
reminds me of one of the often used Romance plots:
independent, strong woman is tamed by dominant man who
abuses her and in the end she likes it/is resigned to it. And I
hate that storyline. It might also be because there is the
potential for love between Anyanwu and Doro and then Doro
throws it away and uses her like cattle (I'm ever the
romantic, I know).

On 2 Aug 99, Jenny Rankine wrote:
> I see these
> scenarios in Butler's books as metaphors for women's position in
> heterosexual relationships, and for all women's position at some
point in
> non-sexual situations with more powerful men.
I completely agree.

On 2 Aug 99, Lindy wrote:
> Butler's characters are survivors.
!!!! The point is not to preserve one's pride, but to survive. And to
transform, it possible, the experience to something meaningful. I
think for example of the episode in which Doro forces Anyanwu to
sleep with Thomas because he wants to punish her. Instead of only
feeling humiliated she starts to see it as a task for her as a healer.
Only to have Doro hit back in the end by killing Thomas and
sleeping with her while 'wearing' his body. I could hardly read this
scene, I found it so horrible. Is this episode only a defeat for
Anyanwu? IMO it depends on what is seen as important: only the
final result or the process as a whole. In any case, it's hard to
imagine that anybody forgives something like that, even after 150
years.

One thing I am wondering about is how Doro is adored by 'his'
people, especially the women, and how they are ready to die for
him (most of them, the others die sooner, we never get 'closer' to
one of the runaways). Several times it is stated that he protects his
people in exchange but they seem to be destroyed and got lost
rather regularly.

And why is it so very important for Doro to breed people with
telepathic or other capabilities? Simply to have better 'food' for
himself?


I couldn't find any online reviews of _Wild Seed_, probably because
it's been published such a long time ago. There are several Butler
interviews on the net, but only in one _Wild Seed_ is more than
only mentioned. That's in Steven Piziks' interview of Octavia
Butler from 1997, published in Marion Zimmer Bradley's
FANTASY Magazine 37
http://www.mzbfm.com/butler.htm
Quote:

'SP: Why did you write the Patternist books backward?
PATTERNMASTER takes place last, but your wrote it first,
and WILD SEED, which takes place first, was written last.

OB: I wrote it that way because that was the way it occurred
to me. I had this idea of the Patternists in the distant future
and their particular society and their enemies and all that.
After a while, I wanted to know more about how they came
to be who they were, so I had to invent a past for them.
When I created Emma Daniels, who is Anyanwu, I really
wanted to do a past for her, but I was a little afraid to. Once I
had done that, I had also wanted to do a past for Doro, take
him back to his origins, but I've never done that. Norman
Mailer came out with a book about a transmigrating
Egyptian, and I just figured I didn't really want to follow that.
Doro was me giving myself a chance to play God in a whole
new way. Think of it ^× here is this character who cannot
die. I mean, even the vampires in vampire stories can die. In
fact, they work very hard at not dying. Doro could not die
and had no choice but to kill, and the people that he most
enjoyed being with were the ones he had to regard as food.

SP: I want to get a science fiction and fantasy course
started at the high school where I teach, and I want to use
WILD SEED in the class.

OB: One of the things I'm sure you'll end up saying to your
students at some point, if you already haven't, is that what
you bring to a story is at least as important as what the
author brought to it, and interpretation is inevitable.

SP: You also did a lot of research into Ibo mythology for
WILD SEED.

OB: Ibo life, really. Oddly enough, I've done more since, just
looking around Yoruban mythology just because I do want to
write about Yoruban mythology. I want to make use of it.
Everyone makes use of Greek mythology, so I've been
fooling around with Yoruban. There's a good reason why my
character in Parable of the Sower is named Lauren Oya
Olamina. Oya is a rather tempestuous goddess.'


_Wild Seed_ was short-listed for the Tiptree Retrospective
Award
http://www.tiptree.org/retro/short.html
Debbie Notkin, one of the jurors, wrote about it:
'Octavia Butler explores continuously _not only_ the
boundaries of gender, but of alienness wherever she may
find it. In Wild Seed, which may still be her best book to
date, she paints the joint canvasses of the horrors of ante-
bellum slavery and the mysteries of immortality with the
stories of Doro and Anyanwu-an immortal man and an
immortal shapechanger with the heart and soul of a woman.
Doro starts the book believing that he is a match for
anything-but Anyanwu's task is to show him that she is his
equal and more.'


A very good interview with Octavia Butler is that by Mike
McGonigal from 1998 for Indexmagazine
http://www.indexmagazine.com/indexm/indexed/butler.htm


There is an article by J. Douglas Allen Taylor from 1996
published in Metro (Jan. 4-10). Title: 'Novelist and short-
story writer Octavia Butler defies categories' that discusses
mostly the collection _Bloodchild_
http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/01.04.96/books-
9601.html


Octavia Butler doesn't have a homepage but there are
several Butler tribute pages:

The Unofficial Octavia Butler Homepage by Laura Quilter
http://www.wenet.net/~lquilter/femsf/authors/butler.html
lists Butler's works, literary criticism on Octavia Butler, and
interviews with Octavia Butler. Furthermore Laura
comments Butler's work on the main author's page:
http://www.wenet.net/~lquilter/femsf/authorsa.html#butler

Octavia Butler Page at the website 'Voices from the Gap -
Women Writers of Color'
http://voices.cla.umn.edu/authors/OctaviaButler.html
with a biography and a selected bibliography.

Octavia Estelle Butler: An Unofficial Web Page by Sela
Fenske
http://www.towanda.com/sela/octavia.htm
with links and resources, including an essay by Sela
Fenske on Octavia Butler, done as part of her Women and
Their Literature class in 1997.

And another short Butler page
http://www.math.buffalo.edu/~sww/butler/butler_octavia_bio.
html

The first chapter of _Wild Seed_ is online by Warner Books
http://www.twbookmark.com/books/89/0446606723/chapter
_excerpt312.html

A (very) short note by Octavia Butler on a Butler infopage by
Warner Books
http://www.twbookmark.com/authors/85/184/index.html

Petra


Petra Mayerhofer
mailto:mayerhofer@usf.uni-kassel.de
--
BDG website
http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Comet/1304/
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Date:         Wed, 4 Aug 1999 13:07:23 -0700
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>This was the fifth book by Butler I've read (after the
>Xenogenesis trilogy and _Kindred_) and it's the one I'm
>most uncomfortable with. It's a good book, but I did not quite
>enjoy it. At the moment I am not motivated to read the other
>Patternmaster books.
>
>I was surprisingly disturbed by the second part of the book,
>which made me wonder. Of course, it is the hardest time
>for Anyanwu, she is a slave, degraded and raped

Petra, I have to admit that I was put off reading more of Butler's work
for years because of this book; I found it horrible to read, for
all the reasons you raise -- even though I recognize (or think I do!)
that the raped-victim-comes-to-acceptance-of-the-male-abuser plot as coming
not from the modern romance novel's putrid version of it, but descending from
the realities of social situations of ultimate inequality in history, such
as American southern slave-society (I avoid the sex-specific pronoun for
the victim because there's an example with a male rape victim in M.J. Engh's
ARSLAN, where I found it just as loathsome a story).  And I am in a very
peculiar position with regard to all this because the same pattern surfaces
in various forms in some of my own work.

Actually I think it's very hard to avoid it, *in some level of dilution*,
in any feminist work that takes a serious look at the ways in which ex-
ploited classes of people learn to deal with the exploiting class(es) that
cannot be dislodged.

It's part of women's history -- when we fought too hard they killed us, and
when we "accepted" too much we became collaborators in passing oppression
on to our daughters -- so it's pretty hard *not* to address it one way or
another.  I think most books that take up the situation of the sexes in
this respect include examples of members of the victim class finding
strength and sometimes solidarity in sheer survival, and some workable
peace in acceptance of an unwinable situation as that which you just have
to find the strength to endure, or die.

Maybe Butler's way of narrowing the focus to this very personal, long-
running nexus between Doro and his breeding-slaves and then relentlessly
bearing down on it as the core of the book is just too painful for some
readers, myself included.  I guess we all find our "pain threshhold" for
ourselves with work like this.  I have to admit that I took up the PARABLE
books, recently, with some trepidation because of this; but they are much
more "open" in the sense of offering at least the hope of more freedom
for characters laboring under the kind of desperate conditions she puts
them in, and I enjoyed them more than I had expected to.

Suzy Charnas
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Date:         Fri, 6 Aug 1999 18:13:01 +0200
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From:         Lassnig <ilassnig@EDU.UNI-KLU.AC.AT>
Subject:      Wild Seed
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I'm glad the discussion on Wild Seed hasn't become a victim of summer
vacations and that the ball is finally set rolling!

I found Wild Seed a very well-crafted book, its narration technique is
incredibly good and it's certainly a good read. But I also felt uneasy with
the motifs Butler raises, such as Petra discussed (thank you, Petra, for all
the delightful links you gave us!).

As I see it, Butler wanted to show that slavery / oppression / patriarchy is
such a pervasive and inescapable mechanism that even strong-minded women
like Anyanwu fall prey to it and have to give in to it in some way or
another. All she could do really is comply and not risk the life of her
children or perish. It's certainly not a radical design Butler develops
here, but I think it's a dystopian, pessimistic and therefore realistic
picture.

I was very uncomfortable with Doro's breeding plan, even more so as the
concept of difference (creating superiority in some sort of way - telepathy,
telekinese, shape-shifting, all survival skills really!) emerges as one of
the pillars in Butler's fiction. I see this most highlighted in the Parable
books, which I actually didn't enjoy very much (I didn't like Lauren and the
way the Earthseed belief is promoted; and even if these are supposed to be
seen critical, I miss a relativizing distane from them). Racial, cultural
and any other sort of difference as a valuable contribution to society,
tolerated and appreciated - this concept is probably a general principle of
liberal fsf, no? But what Butler seems to do  (I might be misreading her
badly, though) is project a vision where difference may enable their
"carriers" to dominate in one way or the other. Or is Butler warning us of
precisely this?

I'm sorry if my observations are rather confusing but I find most of
Butler's stories just as wonderful and fascinating as I find them ambiguous
some time. Especially in Wild Seed I couldn't decide whether it is critical
of Anyanwu or not (in the end).

Petra wrote:
>And why is it so very important for Doro to breed people with
>telepathic or other capabilities? Simply to have better 'food' for
>himself?

This touches on exactly what I meant above. It's this idea of breeding a
different people to create survivors or dominators (I really haven't figured
this out!)


Greetings,

Ines
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Date:         Fri, 6 Aug 1999 08:45:06 +1200
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From:         Jenny Rankine <jrankine@HRC.GOVT.NZ>
Subject:      Wild Seed
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I Lassnig says of Anyanwu --
>All she could do really is comply and not risk the life of her
children or perish. It's certainly not a radical design Butler develops
here, but I think it's a dystopian, pessimistic and therefore realistic
picture.

All one person on their own can do in that kind of circumstance is resist as
much as they can without being killed, which means complying most of the
time.  If Anyanwu had five other allies with the same abilities among Doro's
breeding "stock", then she could have organised a resistance movement.
Butler seems to me in her early books to be interested in exploring the
experience of the lone woman in a situation of slavery or coercion, not how
radical movements are built by *groups* of people in that situation.  That
is what makes some of her novels so bleak.  One person on their own can do
very little.

I was surprised by Lassnig's perception that Butler may have been critical
of Anyanwu in Wild Seed.  I found the book to be completely sympathetic to
her, and very critical of Doro's character and actions.  I interpreted the
book as a strong warning about the dangers of eugenics (which is what Doro
was doing), and of any deliberate biologically-based system of dominance.

I was concerned, however, in the Imago trilogy that she seemed to support
her aliens' analysis of humans as genetically/biologically programmed for
male dominance and the building of destructive hierarchies.

Jenny R
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Date:         Thu, 5 Aug 1999 15:31:35 -0700
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From:         Jessie Stickgold-Sarah <jessiess@RESEARCH.BELL-LABS.COM>
Subject:      Re: BDG Wild Seed
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This is a book I'm very glad to read "in company", so to speak, because it
made me intensely uncomfortable. I think that a great deal of SF leads us
to the belief that a solution will always be found--like the mystery novel,
which I think is an intensely idealistic form of literature, in which evil
is punished and good is triumphant. (Of course, in much of the best work
there is always ambiguity. Unsettling but closer to reality.) I had trouble
with Wild Seed because it failed to find a true solution, only an uneasy
compromise. I really wasn't satisfied with it; it made my head hurt.

I appreciated the comment that:

 >It's part of women's history -- when we fought too hard they killed us, and
 >when we "accepted" too much we became collaborators in passing oppression
 >on to our daughters

It's such a fine line to walk. On the one hand, we may say (as Anyanwu does
at one point) that to submit enough to survive is worse than death. On the
other hand, in so many of these situations it's a real triumph just to stay
alive through all the horrors that may be inflicted. Where do you draw the
line? Perhaps sometimes you can't know until it's too late. And people say
science fiction is escapist!

Are the later books less grim? What's the "correct" order to read them in?
(That is, I suppose, the order in which they will make most sense, since I
gather they're written in backwards order.)

jessie
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Date:         Thu, 5 Aug 1999 19:18:22 EDT
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From:         Phoebe Wray <Zozie@AOL.COM>
Subject:      Re: BDG Wild Seed
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I admire Butler's work -- the clarity and lean-ness of her prose, the steady
structuring of the book.

Wild Seed was uncomfortable for me, too, as several have expressed, but I
couldn't put it down.  I wanted her to give me a hope, a relief, and then
felt guilty for wanting that.

It seemed to me an elaborate metaphor for the whole American Slave
experience.  Perhaps, as Anyanwu, most African-Americans feel they are
collaborating in their own oppression.  Not just now, but the whole history
of it.  Is that stretching this book too far?  And not just
African-Americans, but all of us collaborating, patching over, coping, unable
to stop the evils put in motion long ago, and unsure how to proceed.

I could stretch this further and say it resonates with the entire Western
World domination that destroys as it insinuates itself into cultures
everywhere.  How far away from breeding for telepathy etc is inserting
consumerism into a Third World culture.  People who need clean water don't
need Coca-Cola or Marlboros.
Doro then becomes the symbol of the *make-'em-buy at any cost* trader.

I especially liked the layers of *loving.*  Some characters bonded, however
briefly, and found something like normalcy, even though they knew that was
not possible with Doro still able to arrive and annihilate their beings and
their souls.  I liked the fact these moments of *loving* were unsentimental.
They were real, but doomed.

Who or what is Doro?  Non-human, alien, trapped in his own need to exist.  To
expand my metaphor above -- Doro = the conundrum.  It would seem the only way
to get out of his mad design is to kill him.  Butler is suggesting that is
not easy, or someone -- probably most especially Anyanwu -- would have done
so.  Somehow his existence is seen as necessary.  But is it?  Maybe not.

By the end, when Anyanwu has her own establishment, she could be the new
pioneer.  Seemed to me the ending left some room for that.

Tantalizing thoughts and problems posed her.

best wishes,
phoebe

Phoebe Wray
zozie@aol.com
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Date:         Fri, 6 Aug 1999 18:55:52 +0100
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From:         Carol Ann Kerry-Green <metaphor@ENTERPRISE.NET>
Subject:      Re: BDG Wild Seed
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Jessie wrote:
>
> Are the later books less grim? What's the "correct" order to read them in?
> (That is, I suppose, the order in which they will make most sense, since I
> gather they're written in backwards order.)

To me, if anything, Mind of My Mind which follows Wild Seed is
more grim.  I 'enjoyed' Wild Seed more, maybe because of some of
the conundrum's that people have already mentioned, it *made* me
think, made me look at the way women have 'collaborated' with men
over the centuries and made me question that 'collaboration'.  A
hard book to read, but 'pleasurable' as well, in that Anyanwu is a
shape shifter and it's about telephathy, all themes that I have loved
and searched out over the years.

As to order, I *think*

Wild Seed
Mind of My Mind
Clays Ark
Survivor
Patternmaster

Though some may argue Clays Ark and Survivor aren't really of the
series, but if you read them, they all fit in the sequence - I don't
think I've missed anything out.  Though Patternmaster is the last in
the series, it was written first, and I believe Mind of My Mind was
written before Wild Seed.

Carol Ann
Hull, UK
